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8.
37
विद्वांस्तु ब्राह्मणो दृष्ट्वा पूर्वोपनिहितं निधिम् ।
अशेषतोऽप्याददीत सर्वस्याधिपतिर्हि सः । । ८.३७ । ।
- When a learned Brahmana has found treasure, deposited in former (times), he may take even the whole (of it); for he is master of everything. (Ⅲ)
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8.
38
यं तु पश्येन्निधिं राजा पुराणं निहितं क्षितौ ।
तस्माद्द्विजेभ्यो दत्त्वार्धं अर्धं कोशे प्रवेशयेत् । । ८.३८ । ।
- When the king finds treasure of old concealed in the ground let him give one half to Brahmanas and place the (other) half in his treasury. (Ⅲ)
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8.
39
निधीनां तु पुराणानां धातूनां एव च क्षितौ ।
अर्धभाग्रक्षणाद्राजा भूमेरधिपतिर्हि सः । । ८.३९ । ।
- The king obtains one half of ancient hoards and metals (found) in the ground, by reason of (his giving) protection, (and) because he is the lord of the soil. (Ⅲ)
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8.
40
दातव्यं सर्ववर्णेभ्यो राज्ञा चौरैर्हृतं धनम् ।
राजा तदुपयुञ्जानश्चौरस्याप्नोति किल्बिषम् । । ८.४० । ।
- Property stolen by thieves must be restored by the king to (men of) all castes (varna); a king who uses such (property) for himself incurs the guilt of a thief. (Ⅲ)
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8.
41
जातिजानपदान्धर्मान्श्रेणीधर्मांश्च धर्मवित् ।
समीक्ष्य कुलधर्मांश्च स्वधर्मं प्रतिपादयेत् । । ८.४१ । ।
- (A king) who knows the sacred law, must inquire into the laws of castes (gati), of districts, of guilds, and of families, and (thus) settle the peculiar law of each. (Ⅲ)
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8.
42
स्वानि कर्माणि कुर्वाणा दूरे सन्तोऽपि मानवाः ।
प्रिया भवन्ति लोकस्य स्वे स्वे कर्मण्यवस्थिताः । । ८.४२ । ।
- For men who follow their particular occupations and abide by their particular duty, become dear to people, though they may live at a distance. (Ⅲ)
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8.
43
नोत्पादयेत्स्वयं कार्यं राजा नाप्यस्य पुरुषः ।
न च प्रापितं अन्येन ग्रसेदर्थं कथं चन । । ८.४३ । ।
- Neither the king nor any servant of his shall themselves cause a lawsuit to be begun, or hush up one that has been brought (before them) by (some) other (man). (Ⅲ)
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8.
44
यथा नयत्यसृक्पातैर्मृगस्य मृगयुः पदम् ।
नयेत्तथानुमानेन धर्मस्य नृपतिः पदम् । । ८.४४ । ।
- As a hunter traces the lair of a (wounded) deer by the drops of blood, even so the king shall discover on which side the right lies, by inferences (from the facts). (Ⅲ)
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8.
45
सत्यं अर्थं च संपश्येदात्मानं अथ साक्षिणः ।
देशं रूपं च कालं च व्यवहारविधौ स्थितः । । ८.४५ । ।
- When engaged in judicial proceedings he must pay full attention to the truth, to the object (of the dispute), (and) to himself, next to the witnesses, to the place, to the time, and to the aspect. (Ⅲ)
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8.
46
सद्भिराचरितं यत्स्याद्धार्मिकैश्च द्विजातिभिः ।
तद्देशकुलजातीनां अविरुद्धं प्रकल्पयेत् । । ८.४६ । ।
- What may have been practised by the virtuous, by such twice-born men as are devoted to the law, that he shall establish as law, if it be not opposed to the (customs of) countries, families, and castes (gati). (Ⅲ)
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8.
1
व्यवहारान्दिदृक्षुस्तु ब्राह्मणैः सह पार्थिवः ।
मन्त्रज्ञैर्मन्त्रिभिश्चैव विनीतः प्रविशेत्सभाम् । । ८.१ । ।
- A king, desirous of investigating law cases, must enter his court of justice, preserving a dignified demeanour, together with Brahmanas and with experienced councillors. (Ⅲ)
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8.
2
तत्रासीनः स्थितो वापि पाणिं उद्यम्य दक्षिणम् ।
विनीतवेषाभरणः पश्येत्कार्याणि कार्यिणाम् । । ८.२ । ।
- There, either seated or standing, raising his right arm, without ostentation in his dress and ornaments, let him examine the business of suitors, (Ⅲ)
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8.
3
प्रत्यहं देशदृष्टैश्च शास्त्रदृष्टैश्च हेतुभिः ।
अष्टादशसु मार्गेषु निबद्धानि पृथक्पृथक् । । ८.३ । ।
- Daily (deciding) one after another (all cases) which fall under the eighteen titles (of the law) according to principles drawn from local usages. and from the Institutes of the sacred law. (Ⅲ)
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8.
4
तेषां आद्यं ऋणादानं निक्षेपोऽस्वामिविक्रयः ।
संभूय च समुत्थानं दत्तस्यानपकर्म च । । ८.४ । ।
- Of those (titles) the first is the non-payment of debts, (then follow), (2) deposit and pledge, (3) sale without ownership, (4) concerns among partners, and (5) resumption of gifts, (Ⅲ)
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8.
5
वेतनस्यैव चादानं संविदश्च व्यतिक्रमः ।
क्रयविक्रयानुशयो विवादः स्वामिपालयोः । । ८.५ । ।
- (6) Non-payment of wages, (7) non-performance of agreements, (8) rescission of sale and purchase, (9) disputes between the owner (of cattle) and his servants, (Ⅲ)
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8.
6
सीमाविवादधर्मश्च पारुष्ये दण्डवाचिके ।
स्तेयं च साहसं चैव स्त्रीसंग्रहणं एव च । । ८.६ । ।
- (10) Disputes regarding boundaries, (11) assault and (12) defamation, (13) theft, (14) robbery and violence, (15) adultery, (Ⅲ)
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8.
7
स्त्रीपुंधर्मो विभागश्च द्यूतं आह्वय एव च ।
पदान्यष्टादशैतानि व्यवहारस्थिताविह । । ८.७ । ।
- (16) Duties of man and wife, (17) partition (of inheritance), (18) gambling and betting; these are in this world the eighteen topics which give rise to lawsuits. (Ⅲ)
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8.
8
एषु स्थानेषु भूयिष्ठं विवादं चरतां नृणाम् ।
धर्मं शाश्वतं आश्रित्य कुर्यात्कार्यविनिर्णयम् । । ८.८ । ।
- Depending on the eternal law, let him decide the suits of men who mostly contend on the titles just mentioned. (Ⅲ)
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8.
9
यदा स्वयं न कुर्यात्तु नृपतिः कार्यदर्शनम् ।
तदा नियुञ्ज्याद्विद्वांसं ब्राह्मणं कार्यदर्शने । । ८.९ । ।
- But if the king does not personally investigate the suits, then let him appoint a learned Brahmana to try them. (Ⅲ)
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8.
10
सोऽस्य कार्याणि संपश्येत्सभ्यैरेव त्रिभिर्वृतः ।
सभां एव प्रविश्याग्र्यां आसीनः स्थित एव वा । । ८.१० । ।
- That (man) shall enter that most excellent court, accompanied by three assessors, and fully consider (all) causes (brought) before the (king), either sitting down or standing. (Ⅲ)
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8.
11
यस्मिन्देशे निषीदन्ति विप्रा वेदविदस्त्रयः ।
राज्ञश्चाधिकृतो विद्वान्ब्रह्मणस्तां सभां विदुः । । ८.११ । ।
- Where three Brahmanas versed in the Vedas and the learned (judge) appointed by the king sit down, they call that the court of (four-faced) Brahman. (Ⅲ)
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8.
12
धर्मो विद्धस्त्वधर्मेण सभां यत्रोपतिष्ठते ।
शल्यं चास्य न कृन्तन्ति विद्धास्तत्र सभासदः । । ८.१२ । ।
- But where justice, wounded by injustice, approaches and the judges do not extract the dart, there (they also) are wounded (by that dart of injustice). (Ⅲ)
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8.
13
सभां वा न प्रवेष्टव्यं वक्तव्यं वा समञ्जसम् ।
अब्रुवन्विब्रुवन्वापि नरो भवति किल्बिषी । । ८.१३ । ।
- Either the court must not be entered, or the truth must be spoken; a man who either says nothing or speaks falsely, becomes sinful. (Ⅲ)
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8.
14
यत्र धर्मो ह्यधर्मेण सत्यं यत्रानृतेन च ।
हन्यते प्रेक्षमाणानां हतास्तत्र सभासदः । । ८.१४ । ।
- Where justice is destroyed by injustice, or truth by falsehood, while the judges look on, there they shall also be destroyed. (Ⅲ)
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8.
15
धर्म एव हतो हन्ति धर्मो रक्षति रक्षितः ।
तस्माद्धर्मो न हन्तव्यो मा नो धर्मो हतोऽवधीत् । । ८.१५ । ।
- 'Justice, being violated, destroys; justice, being preserved, preserves: therefore justice must not be violated, lest violated justice destroy us.' (Ⅲ)
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8.
16
वृषो हि भगवान्धर्मस्तस्य यः कुरुते ह्यलम् ।
वृषलं तं विदुर्देवास्तस्माद्धर्मं न लोपयेत् । । ८.१६ । ।
- For divine justice (is said to be) a bull (vrisha); that (man) who violates it (kurute 'lam) the gods consider to be (a man despicable like) a Sudra (vrishala); let him, therefore, beware of violating justice. (Ⅲ)
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8.
17
एक एव सुहृद्धर्मो निधानेऽप्यनुयाति यः ।
शरीरेण समं नाशं सर्वं अन्यद्धि गच्छति । । ८.१७ । ।
- The only friend who follows men even after death is justice; for everything else is lost at the same time when the body (perishes). (Ⅲ)
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8.
18
पादोऽधर्मस्य कर्तारं पादः साक्षिणं ऋच्छति ।
पादः सभासदः सर्वान्पादो राजानं ऋच्छति । । ८.१८ । ।
- One quarter of (the guilt of) an unjust (decision) falls on him who committed (the crime), one quarter on the (false) witness, one quarter on all the judges, one quarter on the king. (Ⅲ)
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8.
19
राजा भवत्यनेनास्तु मुच्यन्ते च सभासदः ।
एनो गच्छति कर्तारं निन्दार्हो यत्र निन्द्यते । । ८.१९ । ।
- But where he who is worthy of condemnation is condemned, the king is free from guilt, and the judges are saved (from sin); the guilt falls on the perpetrator (of the crime alone). (Ⅲ)
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8.
20
जातिमात्रोपजीवी वा कामं स्याद्ब्राह्मणब्रुवः ।
धर्मप्रवक्ता नृपतेर्न तु शूद्रः कथं चन । । ८.२० । ।
- A Brahmana who subsists only by the name of his caste (gati), or one who merely calls himself a Brahmana (though his origin be uncertain), may, at the king's pleasure, interpret the law to him, but never a Sudra. (Ⅲ)
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8.
21
यस्य शूद्रस्तु कुरुते राज्ञो धर्मविवेचनम् ।
तस्य सीदति तद्राष्ट्रं पङ्के गौरिव पश्यतः । । ८.२१ । ।
- The kingdom of that monarch, who looks on while a Sudra settles the law, will sink (low), like a cow in a morass. (Ⅲ)
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8.
22
यद्राष्ट्रं शूद्रभूयिष्ठं नास्तिकाक्रान्तं अद्विजम् ।
विनश्यत्याशु तत्कृत्स्नं दुर्भिक्षव्याधिपीडितम् । । ८.२२ । ।
- That kingdom where Sudras are very numerous, which is infested by atheists and destitute of twice-born (inhabitants), soon entirely perishes, afflicted by famine and disease. (Ⅲ)
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8.
23
धर्मासनं अधिष्ठाय संवीताङ्गः समाहितः ।
प्रणम्य लोकपालेभ्यः कार्यदर्शनं आरभेत् । । ८.२३ । ।
- Having occupied the seat of justice, having covered his body, and having worshipped the guardian deities of the world, let him, with a collected mind, begin the trial of causes. (Ⅲ)
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8.
24
अर्थानर्थावुभौ बुद्ध्वा धर्माधर्मौ च केवलौ ।
वर्णक्रमेण सर्वाणि पश्येत्कार्याणि कार्यिणाम् । । ८.२४ । ।
- Knowing what is expedient or inexpedient, what is pure justice or injustice, let him examine the causes of suitors according to the order of the castes (varna). (Ⅲ)
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8.
25
बाह्यैर्विभावयेल्लिङ्गैर्भावं अन्तर्गतं नृणाम् ।
स्वरवर्णेङ्गिताकारैश्चक्षुषा चेष्टितेन च । । ८.२५ । ।
- By external signs let him discover the internal disposition of men, by their voice, their colour, their motions, their aspect, their eyes, and their gestures. (Ⅲ)
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8.
26
आकारैरिङ्गितैर्गत्या चेष्टया भाषितेन च ।
नेत्रवक्त्रविकारैश्च गृह्यतेऽन्तर्गतं मनः । । ८.२६ । ।
- The internal (working of the) mind is perceived through the aspect, the motions, the gait, the gestures, the speech, and the changes in the eye and of the face. (Ⅲ)
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8.
27
बालदायादिकं रिक्थं तावद्राजानुपालयेत् ।
यावत्स स्यात्समावृत्तो यावच्चातीतशैशवः । । ८.२७ । ।
- The king shall protect the inherited (and other) property of a minor, until he has returned (from his teacher's house) or until he has passed his minority. (Ⅲ)
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8.
28
वशापुत्रासु चैवं स्याद्रक्षणं निष्कुलासु च ।
पतिव्रतासु च स्त्रीषु विधवास्वातुरासु च । । ८.२८ । ।
- In like manner care must be taken of barren women, of those who have no sons, of those whose family is extinct, of wives and widows faithful to their lords, and of women afflicted with diseases. (Ⅲ)
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8.
29
जीवन्तीनां तु तासां ये तद्धरेयुः स्वबान्धवाः ।
ताञ् शिष्याच्चौरदण्डेन धार्मिकः पृथिवीपतिः । । ८.२९ । ।
- A righteous king must punish like thieves those relatives who appropriate the property of such females during their lifetime. (Ⅲ)
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8.
30
प्रणष्टस्वामिकं रिक्थं राजा त्र्यब्दं निधापयेत् ।
अर्वाक्त्र्यब्दाद्धरेत्स्वामी परेण नृपतिर्हरेत् । । ८.३० । ।
- Property, the owner of which has disappeared, the king shall cause to be kept as a deposit during three years; within the period of three years the owner may claim it, after (that term) the king may take it. (Ⅲ)
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8.
31
ममेदं इति यो ब्रूयात्सोऽनुयोज्यो यथाविधि ।
संवाद्य रूपसंख्यादीन्स्वामी तद्द्रव्यं अर्हति । । ८.३१ । ।
- He who says, 'This belongs to me,' must be examined according to the rule; if he accurately describes the shape, and the number (of the articles found) and so forth, (he is) the owner, (and) ought (to receive) that property. (Ⅲ)
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8.
32
अवेदयानो नष्टस्य देशं कालं च तत्त्वतः ।
वर्णं रूपं प्रमाणं च तत्समं दण्डं अर्हति । । ८.३२ । ।
- But if he does not really know the time and the place (where it was) lost, its colour, shape, and size, he is worthy of a fine equal (in value) to the (object claimed). (Ⅲ)
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8.
33
आददीताथ षड्भागं प्रनष्टाधिगतान्नृपः ।
दशमं द्वादशं वापि सतां धर्मं अनुस्मरन् । । ८.३३ । ।
- Now the king, remembering the duty of good men, may take one-sixth part of property lost and afterwards found, or one-tenth, or at least one-twelfth. (Ⅲ)
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8.
34
प्रनष्टाधिगतं द्रव्यं तिष्ठेद्युक्तैरधिष्ठितम् ।
यांस्तत्र चौरान्गृह्णीयात्तान्राजेभेन घातयेत् । । ८.३४ । ।
- Property lost and afterwards found (by the king's servants) shall remain in the keeping of (special) officials; those whom the king may convict of stealing it, he shall cause to be slain by an elephant. (Ⅲ)
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8.
35
ममायं इति यो ब्रूयान्निधिं सत्येन मानवः ।
तस्याददीत षड्भागं राजा द्वादशं एव वा । । ८.३५ । ।
- From that man who shall truly say with respect to treasure-trove, 'This belongs to me,' the king may take one-sixth or one-twelfth part. (Ⅲ)
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8.
36
अनृतं तु वदन्दण्ड्यः स्ववित्तस्यांशं अष्टमम् ।
तस्यैव वा निधानस्य संख्ययाल्पीयसीं कलाम् । । ८.३६ । ।
- But he who falsely says (so), shall be fined in one-eighth of his property, or, a calculation of (the value of) the treasure having been made, in some smaller portion (of that). (Ⅲ)
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8.
47
अधमर्णार्थसिद्ध्यर्थं उत्तमर्णेन चोदितः ।
दापयेद्धनिकस्यार्थं अधमर्णाद्विभावितम् । । ८.४७ । ।
- When a creditor sues (before the king) for the recovery of money from a debtor, let him make the debtor pay the sum which the creditor proves (to be due). (Ⅲ)
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8.
48
यैर्यैरुपायैरर्थं स्वं प्राप्नुयादुत्तमर्णिकः ।
तैर्तैरुपायैः संगृह्य दापयेदधमर्णिकम् । । ८.४८ । ।
- By whatever means a creditor may be able to obtain possession of his property, even by those means may he force the debtor and make him pay. (Ⅲ)
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8.
49
धर्मेण व्यवहारेण छलेनाचरितेन च ।
प्रयुक्तं साधयेदर्थं पञ्चमेन बलेन च । । ८.४९ । ।
- By moral suasion, by suit of law, by artful management, or by the customary proceeding, a creditor may recover property lent; and fifthly, by force. (Ⅲ)
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8.
50
यः स्वयं साधयेदर्थं उत्तमर्णोऽधमर्णिकात् ।
न स राज्ञाभियोक्तव्यः स्वकं संसाधयन्धनम् । । ८.५० । ।
- A creditor who himself recovers his property from his debtor, must not be blamed by the king for retaking what is his own. (Ⅲ)
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